By: Dr. Santosh Chikkareddi Consultant Surgical Oncologist HCG NMR cancer Center, Hubli
When we hear about HPV—the human papillomavirus—most of us associate it with cervical cancer, or women’s health. But there’s another side to this virus that’s quietly emerging as a serious health concern: its growing linkage to head and neck cancers, especially those involving the throat, tonsils, and the base of the tongue.
Of late, more and more doctors across India have begun identifying a pattern—otherwise healthy individuals, often younger and non-smokers, being diagnosed with cancers that were once noted primarily among older tobacco users. The common factor in these newer cases? HPV.
What Is HPV, and Why Does It Matter?
HPV is a common virus that spreads via skin-to-skin contact. While HPV is commonly assumed to be sexually transmitted, it can also spread through oral contact. The vast majority of HPV carriers are ignorant of their infection. For the most part, the body eliminates it normally, producing little harm.
However, in some people, specific HPV strains persist and trigger cellular changes that can eventually lead to cancer. One of the lesser-known, but increasingly relevant implications of persistent HPV infection is its role in the development of head and neck cancer.
Why the Rise in HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancers?
Lifestyle and cultural shifts have changed how HPV spreads. With evolving social norms and increasing exposure to oral HPV through contact, a collateral increase in related cancers has been observed.
The challenge is that people who now develop Head and Neck cancers are not smokers or heavy drinkers, lead healthy lifestyles and induce a false sense of security in their own minds, as well as the minds of healthcare providers, and initially deflect the suspicion of cancer.
Because HPV-related malignancies are biologically distinct, they often manifest in different ways. The symptoms may be modest, such as chronic throat soreness, changes in voice, difficulty swallowing, or a lump in the neck that does not disappear. These can be confused with mild infections, delaying diagnosis and treatment.
One of the biggest barriers to awareness is the stigma associated with HPV itself. Since it’s linked to intimacy and sexual hygiene, people in many Indian households avoid conversations regarding it. The secrecy only leads to the risk.
We need to recognize that HPV is incredibly common, and being infected is nothing more damning than having to live with diabetes, or Blood Pressure.
Breaking the stigma equates to empowering people to speak up, ask the right questions, and seek timely help.
As with most cancers, early detection of HPV-related head and neck cancers greatly improves outcomes.
These cancers tend to respond well to treatment, when caught early. They’re often less aggressive than traditional tobacco-linked cancers and are more sensitive to therapies, such as radiation and chemotherapy.
But that window of opportunity is open only if the disease is identified in time. Regular oral check-ups, especially for people over 30 or those with a history of HPV exposure, are crucial. Persistent symptoms, including sore throat, voice change, or difficulty swallowing should never be ignored—especially if they last for more than two weeks.
The Role of Prevention: Can We Reduce Risk?
Yes, we can. While avoiding all HPV infections may not be feasible, risks can be minimised:
• HPV vaccines: While cervical cancer prevention is available for girls; boys and young men should also be vaccinated, to protect them against dangerous strains of the virus that could cause oral and throat cancers.
• Regular dental screenings and hygiene: Good oral hygiene and regular dental, or ENT check-ups can facilitate early detection of abnormal tissue or growths.
• Open conversations. Speaking openly with healthcare providers about risk factors, without fear or shame, can facilitate improved monitoring and early detection.
The link between HPV and head and neck cancers is no longer a theory—it’s a growing concern in India. While public awareness still lags, doctors are vouching for early detection and timely care, to achieve positive outcomes.
A persistent sore throat, voice change, or an unexplained lump in the neck may not be the innocuous symptoms they appear to be. A consultation with an ENT or head and neck specialist will be the best course of action.
HPV-related cancers are often preventable and respond well to treatment when caught in time. Vaccination, regular check-ups, and staying informed go a long way in reducing your risk.
Your health is your primary responsibility. Get checked, and remember that early action saves lives.